An integrated circuit is simply any type of circuit, made to fit onto a small chip. Sometimes referred to as a chip, a microchip, or an IC. It can be a microcontroller, an amplifier, a Bluetooth module, or anything in between.
By making a circuit on a small chip, it’s much easier to build advanced projects. Let’s say you want to make a tracking device for your car. You can find a GPS chip for positioning, a GSM chip to send text messages with the position, and a microcontroller chip to control everything. Then create a printed circuit board design to connect them all.
This would be pretty much impossible to do if you were to design everything from scratch with individual components. Integrated circuits make building circuits so much easier!
Back in 2008, I made my own integrated circuit as I was doing my master’s degree at the University of Oslo. So if you want to learn how these tiny and powerful components are actually made, from a practical point of view, (and how you can make one yourself as a hobbyist), read on!
What are Integrated Circuits?
An integrated circuit is made up of lots of miniature versions of basic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. The functionality of the chip depends on how the components have been connected inside. It can be a radio transmitter, a collection of logic gates, a microcontroller, or any other circuit you can think of.
Every IC comes with a datasheet that explains what it does, what each pin’s function is, and how to use it.
Common IC Series
- 4000 series IC (digital integrated circuits)
- 7400 series IC (digital integrated circuits)
- LM-series of IC (analog integrated circuits)
How Are Integrated Circuits Made?
To design an integrated circuit from scratch, you need to use software for this specific purpose. In the software, you draw different rectangles to create your circuit. The different rectangles represent different types of material. And different combinations of those materials give you different components.
You actually design every component from scratch by putting together different materials. Below you can see a cross-section of a chip with the materials needed to design an nMOS and a pMOS transistor:
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A typical integrated circuit consists of mostly transistors like the one above. So designing an IC is a lot of copying and pasting, then making sure you connect the transistors so that they make up the circuit you want.
Here is the design of the chip I made back in 2008. Each color is a different layer of material:
This design is then transferred to a silicon wafer by using a process of etching and stereolithography. (Learn more about this process here)
What Does an Integrated Circuit Do?
If you have an integrated circuit, but you don’t know what it does, don’t worry. Usually, it is very easy to figure out what it does. Just take the model number that you find on the top, and type it into Google with “datasheet” after.
Most likely, you will find a PDF file of the datasheet. The datasheet is a technical document that describes the component. By opening and reading the first page of the datasheet, you should be able to get an understanding of what it does.
Next, find the pinout or pin description section to figure out the function of each pin. And have a look at the Typical Application section to see an example of how to connect the chip in a circuit.
What is an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)?
The difference between an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and a normal integrated circuit is that the ASIC is specifically designed for something or someone, instead of being mass-produced.
To say it in another way – an ASIC is a custom integrated circuit. It’s something you design for a specific purpose. But it’s designed and made with the same methods as a normal integrated circuit.
You don’t have to be a big corporation to make an ASIC. You can make your own custom integrated circuit as a hobbyist too! Just have a look at the Tiny Tapeout project.
Questions?
Do you have any questions about the integrated circuit or how to make one? Let me know in the comments section below and I’ll do my best to answer as soon as possible.
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Very interesting Oyvind. I’m also very interested in microcontrollers and at the moment I am wondering which type of code is best. Assemby, Java, or C++. Years ago I played around with Qbasic.
Hey John. For programming microcontrollers I would definitely recommend C.
Cheers!
Oyvind
Hello, I am currently learning python on codecedemy.com. Is this okay for microcontrollers also?
Hey Micah, I don’t know any microcontroller environments that support python. But if you know Python, the Arduino programming language will be very easy for you I think.
Cheers!
Oyvind
Hello. Can you tell me how the layers of a SoC IC for smartphone and tablet devices arranged ? I want to learn how the layers of the die of this SoC are designed and how they interact with one another ? Where can I find this information a website or university professor or perhaps from a company ?
Hey Victor,
You can learn more about it here: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Integrated-Circuit.html
Cheers!
Oyvind
Hello bro
I m very new in electronics. Kindly recommend me n guide step by atep is better n fruitful dir me.
how can i control my room lamp using remote
Hello Guys,
i studied mechanical engineering, majored in automobile but right my interest has turn to electronics especially computers. But as a beginner i would like to start with general electronics but my problem is how to know that when i connect components in this way i will achieve this result. pls help start. THANKS
Hey,
Great to hear!
Maybe this can help: https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/electronics-for-beginners/
Cheers!
Oyvind
Am new, sth i dont understand is the functions of a particular ic chip nd hw 2 it.
Hey,
Maybe this can help: https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/integrated-circuit/
Best,
Oyvind
Hi, am sarvan and i completed BE mechatronics but am not that much strong in electronics circuits,but now i am interested to learn what is to. One more thing i wanna ask,embedded software is nice platform to me?
Hi,
“Embedded software” is just a term describing software for embedded applications. A simple place to start with embedded development is the Arduino: https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/what-is-arduino
Best,
Oyvind
am a fresher in this context. so plz help me to know what is the use of a chip. and another thing, can i create my own smartphone.
So fantastic cos constructive
Hii
I am Jyoti and I have completed BE (E&TC).please suggest me to choose the field I n hardware or software.
Hey am a beginner on this but i need ur help on make automatic motor baking system circuits
Hi,
I would like to know about car remote key transmitter circuits. Like how to change the radio frequency range. Say from 315MHz to 433 MHz or so. Is this complicated?
Hi, I just learnt c and programing of micro-controllers however i am now keen on tryout developing or creating an app. Can you please recommend any advise and sources on how to start about it and is it possible to soo using c language. Thank you.
You can try Code With Chris: https://codewithchris.com/
Hello!
Can you please give a link to a microchip design program and a site for ordering microchips according to my chip drawing?
Thanks a lot!
You can use various software such as logsim or cadence virtuoso to design integrated circuits and to have them physically manufactured you’d have to get into contact with a foundry service such as TSMC or global foundries. If you’re in the EU you can can also use a service like Euro practice as some sort of consultancy service to help you design ICs and have them manufactured if you work for the tech faculty of a European university or a European tech company/start up.
This blog talks a little about the understanding of electronics you’d need to design ICs
https://miscircuitos.com/
https://www.europractice.stfc.ac.uk/europractice_com/
When you hear about Integrated circuits you always hear about many thousands or millions or billions of transistors a chip has with moore’s law but before I really bothered to research how they’re designed I though computer chips were 100% made up of transistors I didn’t know they they have resistors and capacitors too in such a miniature format .